Protein kinase HOG1 Zinc transporter Zinc transporter Response to iron ion starvation Response to iron ion starvation Melanin biosynthesis Nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen metabolism Metallopeptidase, Fungal allergen Aspartic endopeptidase Secreted aspartic endopeptidase Secreted aspartic endopeptidase Secreted aspartic endopeptidase Secreted leucyl endopeptidase Secreted serine endopeptidase Serine carboxypeptidase Serine endopeptidase, Pathogenesis Superoxide metabolism, Pathogenesis Oxidative strain response, Iron binding Virulence and conidia formation 1873 457.4 547.five 656.0 64.two 49.eight 0 0 0 2789 59.three 64.5 0.1 648.7 100.7 956.8 83.two 715.7 43.5 1044 735.1 KY07 1637 310.7 169.3 410.1 19.8 0 28.two 54.eight 0 4105 79.9 31.0 0.1 460.5 84.0 952.7 114.five 366.five 44.6 842.eight 816.two KY11 1447 449.three 220.7 712.three 329.4 0 34.8 0 0 1021 84.five 45.9 0.1 311.eight 95.7 525.five 146.9 690.three 13.8 477.1 959.1 KY19 924.five 66.9 136.1 913.4 553.8 38.8 28.6 55.7 499.6 3510 709.two 95.five 189.7 406.five 283.three 1260 775.two 1703 556.7 63.0 325.7 KY23 1211 137.0 425.eight 1324 69.1 151.1 112.six 142.6 0 5373 1149 370.1 5.1 423.6 265.six 1176 981.three 2009 880.six 42.three 373.5 KY39 501.three 564.1 259.6 541.4 179.0 222.7 0 0 0 449.1196145-01-3 web 6 68.eight 0 0 216.0 183.0 919.four 408.6 191.9 179.3 421.four 772.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005168.tBecause the tissue samples had been collected from bats from 6 distinctive hibernacula for this study, it is actually achievable that variations in host or pathogen gene expression reflect variations in the environmental situations present in every place, such as the microbiome.Formula of 102879-42-5 Additionally, the housing on the unaffected bats in captivity for 13 weeks before evaluation could also have affected the microbiome.PMID:23927631 To examine the differences within the skin microbiome between the bats, we employed MG-RAST to recognize the lowest popular ancestor of metagenomic sequences presentPLOS Pathogens | DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005168 October 1,16 /Transcriptome of Bats with White-Nose Syndrome(S8 Table). Although there have been some differences observed within the bacterial microbiomes present around the wings on the 11 bats, there were no substantial modifications involving the WNS-affected and unaffected samples when bacteria were identified in the class level. A number of strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from bat tissues have been identified with Pd growth inhibiting properties [79]. MG-RAST evaluation showed that Pseudomonas species are present in all 11 samples (S8 Table). P. fluorescens transcripts represented two.8.six of transcripts identified from gammaproteobacteria and 0.40.05 of all bacteria around the wings of unaffected bats and 0.37.07 of all bacteria on WNS-affected bats. P. fluorescens was present on all little brown myotis sampled, but was rare and relative abundance was not statistically different between WNS-affected and unaffected bats (p = 0.49, t = -0.71, df = 9).DiscussionThe comparison of host gene expression amongst WNS-affected and unaffected small brown myotis clearly demonstrates that Pd infection causes physiological responses in wing tissue, where substantial fungal invasion with the skin occurs in WNS-affected bats [8]. The alterations in transcript levels that we have observed indicate that host responses to fungal infection stay intact during hibernation and are similar to these observed through the initial stages of fungal infection in euthermic mammals [32]. These host responses involve acute inflammation, wound healing, and metabolic modifications. Pathogen gene expression varies amon.